Al-Hujja

The "We" in Arabic is the royal plural (نحن التعظيم), a common figure of speech in Semitic languages. Even in English, a monarch may say "We decree..." without being multiple persons.

Moreover, in the Hebrew Bible, the word "Elohim" is also a plural of majesty for the one God.

Allah does not need anyone to express love. He is Al-Wadoud (The Most Loving) by essence, not by necessity of an "other" within Himself.

To say that God needs an internal relationship to love is to attribute dependence to Him — which contradicts His perfection and His self-sufficiency (As-Samad).

In Islam, ʿĪsā (عليه السلام) is one of the greatest prophets, miraculously born of Maryam (Mary) without a father. But "Son of God" in the literal sense is rejected.

Jesus himself distinguished himself from God:

Miracles do not prove divinity, because all prophets performed miracles by the permission of Allah:

• Moses — parted the sea, turned a staff into a serpent
• Solomon — commanded the wind and the jinn
• Elisha — raised a dead person (2 Kings 4:32-35)

The Quran specifies that the miracles of ʿĪsā were by the permission of Allah:

In Islam, ʿĪsā was not crucified. Allah raised him up to Himself:

The concept of "original sin" is problematic:

The Bible itself says that each person bears their own sins! The concept that an innocent person (Jesus) must die for the guilty contradicts divine justice.

It is quite the opposite! Islam honors ʿĪsā more than many Christians realize:

• ʿĪsā is mentioned 25 times in the Quran (Muhammad ﷺ only 4 times)
• His mother Maryam has an entire surah named after her (Surah 19)
• He is described as "a Word from Allah" and "a Spirit from Him" (4:171)
• His miraculous birth is confirmed
• A Muslim is not a Muslim if they do not believe in ʿĪsā
• He will return at the end of times according to Islam

Christian scholars themselves acknowledge that the Bible has undergone modifications:

• The Comma Johanneum (1 John 5:7) — the only explicit Trinitarian verse — is recognized as a late addition and removed from modern Bibles
• The ending of Mark (16:9-20) is absent from the oldest manuscripts
• The story of the adulterous woman (John 7:53-8:11) is a late addition
• The 4 Gospels are anonymous — the names "Matthew, Mark, Luke, John" were attributed later
• Paul, who never met Jesus, wrote the majority of the New Testament

Several biblical passages seem to foretell the coming of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ:

Analysis: "Brothers" of the Israelites = the Ishmaelites (descendants of Ishmael, brother of Isaac). Muhammad ﷺ is a descendant of Ishmael. "Like Moses" — both had: a natural birth, a marriage, an emigration, a complete law, a military victory. Jesus does not match all these criteria.

The Greek word "Parakletos" (Advocate/Comforter) is very close to "Periklytos" (the Glorified) — which is the exact translation of "Muhammad" (محمد) and "Ahmad" (أحمد).

This accusation does not withstand historical examination:

• Before Islam, Muhammad ﷺ was wealthy and respected in Mecca (nicknamed Al-Amin, the Trustworthy)
• After preaching Islam, he lost everything: wealth, social status, security
• He was offered power, wealth and women to stop — he refused
• He endured 13 years of persecution in Mecca
• At his death, he left neither fortune nor palace — his armor was pawned with a Jewish man for barley
• He mended his own clothes and milked his own goats

Several facts make this theory impossible:

• Muhammad ﷺ was illiterate (ummiy) — he could neither read nor write
• The Bible did not exist in Arabic in his time
• The Quran corrects errors in the Bible (e.g., the Pharaoh of Egypt vs. the King, verified by archaeology)
• The Quran contains scientific information impossible to know in the 7th century

In Islam, salvation is simple and direct: believe in Allah, follow His commandments, and sincerely repent of your sins.

In Islam, no intermediary is needed:

• No original sin — every child is born pure (fitrah)
• No human sacrifice needed for forgiveness
• No confession to a priest
• Direct relationship between the servant and their Creator

This doctrine comes primarily from Paul, not from Jesus. Jesus himself taught about works:

Islam teaches a perfect balance: faith (iman) AND good deeds ('amal salih), sustained by the mercy of Allah.

The Quran issues an open challenge to all of humanity, still unmet after 1400 years:

Proofs of divine origin:

• Perfect preservation — not a single letter changed in 1400 years (the Sanaa and Birmingham manuscripts confirm this)
• Scientific information — embryology (23:13-14), expansion of the universe (51:47), barrier between seas (55:19-20)
• Linguistic inimitability — the greatest Arab poets were never able to meet the challenge
• Zero contradictions (4:82) despite a revelation spanning 23 years
• Fulfilled prophecies — victory of the Romans (30:2-4), preservation of Pharaoh's body (10:92)

Unlike the Bible, the Quran has a preservation system unique in the world:

• Oral tradition — millions of huffadh (memorizers) in every generation, an unbroken chain
• Compilation under Abu Bakr (1 year after the death of the Prophet ﷺ), standardization under Uthman
• Ancient manuscripts — the Birmingham manuscript (dated 568-645) is identical to the current Quran
• No textual variants — every Quran on earth is identical, letter for letter

Islam gave women rights 1400 years before the West:

• Right to property — a woman keeps her own money and possessions (the West granted this in the 19th century)
• Right to inheritance (4:7) — forbidden in many civilizations until the 20th century
• Right to divorce (khul') — a woman can initiate divorce
• Right to education — "Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim [man and woman]" (Ibn Majah)
• Consent to marriage — mandatory, no forced marriage is valid in Islam

Let us compare with the Bible:

The most quoted verse out of context is "Kill them wherever you find them" (2:191). Let us read the full context:

Verse 190 (which is never cited) sets clear conditions: it is about self-defense, with a prohibition against exceeding limits.

Let us compare with the Bible:

If Islam had been spread by the sword:

• Why was Indonesia (the largest Muslim country) never invaded by a Muslim army?
• Why did Malaysia become Muslim through merchants?
• Why have millions of Christians lived in Muslim countries for 1400 years (Egypt, Syria, Lebanon)?
• Why is Islam the fastest growing religion in the West today — without any army?